FLORIDA LANDLORD/TENANT LAWS

TABLE OF CONTENTS:

RESIDENTIAL LANDLORD/TENANT LAW Section 83 Landlord & Tenant

Fla. Stat. § 34.011 (1) (2): County Court has exclusive jurisdiction to hear evictions unless:

Amount in controversy exceeds the county court’s jurisdiction; or
The Circuit Court has jurisdiction pursuant to Fla. Stat §26.012.
The county court may issue a temporary and permanent injunction where appropriate for violation of Fla. Stat. § 83.40 et seq
In cases transferred to the circuit court pursuant to Rule1.170(j), Florida Rules of Civil Procedure, or Rule 7.100(d), Florida Small Claims Rules, the demands of all parties shall be resolved by the circuit court.
Jurisdictional Determination
Where T claims possession based on right, title or interest other than lease or LL-T relationship, Court is required to hold evidentiary hearing to determine existence of residential tenancy. Frey v. Livecchi, 852 So.2d 896 (Fla. 4th DCA 2003).
Court errs in requiring deposit prior to determining existence of residential tenancy and if Court determines:
1. Possession not based on residential tenancy, eviction not proper remedy and summary procedure not available. Grimm v. Huckabee, 891 So.2d 608 (Fla. 1st Dist. 2005).
2. Possession is based on contract for deed, then proceeding to foreclose equity of redemption is required. Blanco v. Novoa, 854 So.2d 672 (Fla. 3rd DCA 2003). Grimm, Frey.

A. Failure to Pay Rent

Fla. Stat. § 83.56(3) requires that before a LL may evict a T for nonpayment of rent, the LL must first serve the T with a written notice that informs the T:

1. T has three days;

2. to pay the alleged rent;

3. or vacate the premises.

If the T attempts to pay rent during the 3-day time period, the LL must accept the rent. If the LL refuses, the T will not be evicted. Curley v. McMillan, 4 FLW Supp. 475 (Fla. Escambia County Ct. 1996).

i. Waiver.

LL’s acceptance of past due rent with knowledge of T’s breach of lease by nonpayment constitutes waiver of LL’s right to proceed with eviction for nonpayment. Bodden v. Carbonell, 354 So. 2d 927 (Fla. 2d DCA 1978).
LL may accept partial rent & evict T if parties agreed there is no waiver. Philpot v. Bouchelle, Jr., 411 So. 2d 1341 (Fla. 1st DCA 1982). Where lease option to purchase contract expressly provided that acceptance of late performance by lessor would not constitute a waiver of lessor’s rights, lessor’s acceptance of lessee’s late payments did not constitute waiver. Id.
Pattern of late rent payments could alter time period necessary to pay rent even with an anti-waiver clause. Protean Investors Inc. v. Travel Etc. Inc., 499 So. 2d 49 (Fla. 3d DCA 1986) Court found that Philpot v. Bouchelle, Jr., 411 So. 2d 1341 (Fla. 1st DCA 1982 was not controlling because the LL in Philpot accepted the late rental payments under protest and notified the T of this. See also Royal American Management Inc. v. Kieth, 20 Fla. Supp. 2d 95 (Fla. Volusia County Court 1986) where Court held that LL had waived strict compliance with lease by accepting late payments from T under the previous and the existing lease. The Court further held that LL, by instituting the suit, had given T notice that it would require strict compliance with lease in the future, even if LL accepted rent after the 3-day notice.
LL estopped to claim breach TT where LL failed to respond to T’s request to be notified if LL did not agree to proposed termination of lease. Harbor House Partners, Ltd., v. Mitchel, 512 So.2d 242 (Fla. 3d DCA 1987).

ii. T’s Defenses

Fla. Stat. § 83.60 (1). Absolute defense to non-payment of rent if T:

a. Has delivered LL written notice before the rent is due stating the LL’s material non-compliance with Fla. Stat. § 83.51 (1) and T’s intention not to pay if any material violations not corrected within 7 days.

b. In addition to complete defense to non-payment of rent, the fact finder shall determine the amount, if any, by which the rent is to be reduced to reflect the diminution in value of the dwelling unit during the period of non-compliance with Fla. Stat. § 83.51(1).

c. T is not entitled to make repairs and deduct the cost from the rent unless expressed in lease.

B. Violation of Lease or Rules.

Fla. Stat. § 83.56(2)(a) permits a LL to evict a T by giving written notice that T has 7 days to vacate the premises. Notice must state with specificity the alleged lease or rule violation. Failure to specify facts permitting eviction will deprive LL of possession. LL will be limited at trial to violation alleged in notice. Dade County v. Malloy, 27 Fla. Supp. 2d 1 (Fla. Dade Cty. Ct. 1988).

i. Only 2 circumstances where LL does not have to give T opportunity to cure:

a. Emergency evictions.

An act committed by the T which is impossible to cure. Fla. Stat. § 83.56 (2)(a) gives as an example: “damage, destruction or misuse of LL’s or other T’s property by an intentional act.” Hobbs v. Jones, 1 FLW Supp 581 (Fla. Escambia County Ct. 1993) (T’s son severely pummeled another T’s son; LL not required to give T opportunity to cure); But see, e.g. Tierney v. Coto, 28 Fla. Supp. 2d 69 (Fla. Dade County. Ct. 1988) (threat by a tenant that he would kill another tenant for dating his daughter was not sufficient to equal an emergency. It was not taken seriously by any of the tenants and all charges against the offending tenant were later dropped).

b. Second violation within 1 year of reasonable rule or lease provision.

i. First violation must have occurred within previous 12 months.

ii. T must have been given a specific written warning that a continued violation will be grounds for eviction. Royal Am. Mgt., Inc. v. Godfrey, 11 Fla. Supp. 2d 115 (Fla. Orange County Ct. 1985).

iii. Second violation must be similar to first violation. See, e.g. Id , where court held that LL failed to allege Asimilar violations’ because the three violations were not similar B driving vehicle in excess of speed limit, playing stereo loud and verbally abusing other tenants.

iv. If T fails to cure violation within 7 days of receiving notice, then eviction is proper.

C. Lease Expires and Tenant Does Not Vacate.

i. No written lease: LL or T must give the following notice if there is an oral lease: (Fla. Stat. § 83.57)

a. Year to Year: 60 days’ notice prior to end of any annual year.

b. Quarter to Quarter: 30 days notice prior to the end of any quarterly period.

c. Month to Month: LL must give at lease 15 days notice prior to end of any monthly period.

d. Week to Week: LL must give 7 days’ notice prior to end of any weekly period.

ii. If a written lease, then the parties are bound by the terms of the lease. Where there is no specific rental period and no specific agreement as to the length of the lease, one court has held that the lease is presumed to be a month-to-month lease. Cooper v. Kane, 482 So. 2d 88 (La. App., 4 Cir., 1986).

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3. NOTICE REQUIREMENTS

A. Notice: All terminations must be in writing. Morse v. State, 604 So. 2d 496

(Fla. 1st DCA 1992).

B. Notice Requirements: Non Payment of Rent.

i. 3-day notice must inform T:

a. Amount of rent owed.

b. 3 days to pay rent or vacate.

ii. Notice can be sent by:

a. Mailing, delivering copy, or leaving copy at residence – usually posted.

b. If mailed, add 5 days for compliance in the notice. Fla. R. Civ. P.1.090(e); Investment and Income Realty, Inc. v. Bentley, 480 So. 2d 219 (Fla. 5th DCA 1985); Forest Glen Townhome Associate, Ltd. v. Gardner, 16 Fla. Supp. 2d 10 (Fla. Volusia Cty. Ct. 1985).

c. T will also be permitted to respond by mail.

iii. Defective notices

a. A proper 3-day notice to evict is a condition precedent to eviction. Bell v. Kornblatt, 705 So. 2d 113 (Fla. 4th DCA 1998) (holding that a defective notice does not deprive the court of subject matter jurisdiction).

b. Failing to specify the amount of rent or stating the wrong amount owed. Kaplan v. McCabe, 532 So. 2d 1354 (Fla 5th DCA 1988);Palawski v. Duley, 50 Fla. Supp. 2d 207 (Fla. Manatee Cty. Ct. 1991)(failing to state the exact amount of rent due).

c. Failure to state date the rent must be paid. Garcia v. Ruiz 50 Fla.Supp. 2d 176 (Fla. Dade Cty Ct. 1991); LaBrada v. Barrios, 44 Fla. Supp. 2d 140 (Fla. Dade Cty. Ct. 1990) (notice that required “Rent” only or one that demands only that the tenant must vacate is defective).

d. Notice must be timely yet cannot be sent before rent is due. The Housing Authority of the City of St. Petersburg, Fla. v. Bullard, 45 Fla. Supp. 2d 130 (Fla. Pinellas Cty. Ct. 1990) (notice was improper where delivered to each public housing tenant on the first of the month even before the rent was due and the tenant had defaulted). Shapiro v. Puche, 1 Fla. L. Weekly Supp. 409 (Fla. Broward Cty. Ct. 1993) ( notice was defective because landlord served notice on day rent was due).

e. LL can only allege rent in 3 day notice.

Rent may include taxes where required to be paid by lease or other agreement, Cascella v. Canaveral Port Authority, 827 So.2d 308, (Fla. 5^thDCA 2002), however, rent is not:

i. Damages.

ii. Attorney fees, court costs and sheriff’s fees. Vinner v. Mason, 44 Fla. Supp. 2d 1990 (Fla. Pinellas Cty. Ct. 1990).

iii. Late fees. Barcelona West v. Ellis, 4 Fla. Supp. 2d 71 (Fla. Orange Cty. Ct. 1983); Hoche v. Berry, 5 Fla. Supp. 2d 110 (Fla. Orange Cty. Ct. 1981); Faj-hein v. Storr, 1 FLW Supp. 572 (Fla. Broward Cty. Ct. 1993). The lease did not contain any provisions relating to penalty payments for overdue rent. The court held that calling late charges “rent” in “House Rules” document executed simultaneously with lease not adequate to change nature of those charges. Arbor Land Trust v. Rozier, 5 Fla. L. Weekly Supp. 21 (Fla. Alachua Cty. Ct. 1997).

iv. Interest. Lawson v. Alvarez, 46 Fla. Supp. 2d 94 (Fla.Manatee Cty. Ct. 1990)

But see Fla. Stat. § 83.43(6) – lease could designate other payments due to LL from T as rent.

f. Notice is defective if it does not exclude.

i. Saturday.

ii. Sunday.

iii. Legal holidays: those observed by a court.

Fla. Stat. § 83.56(3).

g. Address: Notice is defective if it does not contain description of dwelling by either address or legal description. Starkey v. Shealey, 4 FLW Supp. 878 (Fla. Broward Cty. Ct. 1997).

h. If notice is defective, it should be dismissed without prejudice but without leave to amend. A new action must be filed after the notice is correctly served on tenant. Lawson v. Alvarez, 46 Fla. Supp. 2d 94 (Fla. Manatee Cty. Ct. 1990); Rolling Oaks Homeowners Assn. v. Dade County, 492 So. 2d 176 (Fla. Dade Cty. Ct. 1991).

i. Notice may state that payment can only be made in cash even though statutory form did not include “cash” requirement. Moskowitz v. Aslam, 575 So. 2d 1367 (Fla. 3d DCA 1991).

C. Notice requirement for non-curable violations: Fla. Stat. § 83.56(2)(a).

I. When a tenant commits a non-curable violation, LL may evict after

delivering a 7 day notice.

a. 7-day notice must:

i. Advise tenant what specific violations have occurred.

ii Demand the tenant vacate in 7 days.

iii. LL can hand deliver the notice, mail it, or leave it at the premises.

D. Notice Requirements: Curable Violations Fla. Stat. § 83.56(2)(b)

1. When a tenant commits a curable violation, the LL must give the tenant 7 days to cure the violation. If violation is not cured, then the LL may proceed with eviction.

a. 7- day notice must:

i. State the specific violation. A notice stating that tenant was being evicted for on-going criminal activity, but failing to state the type of activity was ineffective. Granger v. Mason, 3 FLW Supp. 74 (Fla. Collier Cty. Ct. 1995).

ii. State that it must be cured within 7 days. See Broward County Housing Authority v. Green, 4 FLW Supp. 569 (Fla. Broward Cty. Ct. 1997) (notice failed to provide tenant with opportunity to cure).

iii. If the lease requires less than 7 days, then such a provision is void. TCY Ltd. v. Johnson, 3 FLW Supp. 72 (Fla. 11th Cir. 1995).

E. Notice requirements for public housing.

1. LL of publicly assisted housing is required to give a T 14 days’ notice that he has failed to pay rent. 24 C.F.R. Section 966.4(l)(3)(i)(A).The notice must also inform the T of his right to examine PHA documents concerning termination of the tenancy and the right to a grievance hearing. A termination notice which did not advise the tenant of the right to reply was defective. Metropolitan Dade County v. Molina, 4 FLW Supp. 872 (Fla. Dade Cty. Ct. 1997).

a. Notice must be in writing.

b. Must be delivered by hand delivery to T or an adult member of the household or by first class mail.

c. Posting is not permitted.

2. Section 8 notice requirements: same as private housing except the LL must first give notice to the PHA before the LL may evict. 24 C.F.R. 882.21(c)(4).

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IV. COMPLAINT, ANSWER AND SUMMONS

A. Complaint:

i. Must attach a copy of lease

ii. Must attach copy of notice

iii. Count I: Possession

iv. Count II: Rent; damages; attorney fees & costs

v. Must set forth the address of the premises

vi. Must state facts that authorize recovery

vii. Must be filed in the county where the premises are situated

viii. The court shall advance the cause on the calendar

B. Summons

1. Count I: Possession.

a. In all actions for possession, the LL is entitled to summary procedure as provided in Fla. Stat. § 51.011.

b. T has 5 days to file answer: Berry v. Clement, 346 So. 2d 105 (Fla. 2d DCA 1977), 5 days excludes weekends and legal holidays. Rule 1.090(a).

c. Service: Fla. Stat. § 48.183(1). If T cannot be found in county or there is not a person 15 years or older residing at the T’s usual place of abode in the county after at least 2 attempts to obtain service, LL can attach summons to conspicuous place on the property described in complaint. The minimum time delay between the two (2) attempts shall be 6 hours.

d. Form 1.923 brings summons into conformity with Fla. Stat. § 83.60. Among the additions summons advises T:

(1) If T believes that the amount claimed in the complaint is inaccurate, T must file a motion with the clerk to determine the amount to be paid to the clerk.

(2) Documentation supporting T’s position must be attached.

(3) Summons details the separate response that must be filed and given to the LL when there is a separate claim for money damages.

(4) The forms are also translated into Spanish and Creole.

2. Count II: Rent; damages; attorney fees & costs

a. T has 20 days to answer.

b. Service: LL must personally serve tenant if the LL seeks a money judgment. Fla. Stat. § 83.48.

c. If summons posted on the rental unit, suit becomes an in rem action and LL’s remedy is limited to possession of the premises.

If claim is less than $5,000.00, LL can proceed under summary claims rules.

3. Challenge of service

a. Challenge of service is valid even if T has actual notice. Napoleon Broward Drainage Dist. v. Certain Lands, 160 Fla. 120, 33 So. 2d 716 (1948).

b. If T does not challenge method of service, it is waived. Hager v Illes, 431 So. 2d 1037 (Fla. 4th DCA 1983) (by answering summary eviction complaint and counterclaiming for affirmative relief and participating fully in trial on the merits and appealing, tenants waived any defects in service by posting).

C. Proper signatories of notice of termination and complaint

Landlord

Property manager

Attorney

Failure to comply with fictitious name statute, Fla. Stat.

§ 865.09, deprives LL of standing to file suit.

i. The Florida Bar Re: Advisory Opinion-Non Lawyer Preparation of and Representation of Landlord in Uncontested Residential Evictions, 605 So. 2d 868 (Fla. 1993): If the eviction is for non-payment of rent and is UNCONTESTED, a property manager may:

(a) draft and serve a 3 day notice;

(b) sign and file a lawsuit;

(d) obtain a writ of possession.

ii. The Florida Bar re: Advisory Opinion-Non-Lawyer Preparation of and Representation of Landlord In Uncontested Residential Evictions, 627 So. 2d 485 (Fla. 1993): A property manager is defined as “one who is responsible for day-to-day management of residential rental property and includes corporate property management firms that have primary responsibility for rental and management of residential rental property and licensed real estate brokers and salesperson.”

The property manager must have written authorization from the owner to complete, sign and file the eviction action for non-payment of rent. The authorization cannot serve to designate the property manager as the plaintiff in the eviction or to authorize the manager to seek the recovery of past due rent.

Designated non-lawyer property managers may handle uncontested residential evictions on behalf of both individual and corporate LLs.

Whenever a hearing is required the matter is considered contested.

D. Answer

1. Must be filed within 5 days excluding weekends and legal holidays.

2. All defenses of fact or law must be contained in answer.

i. Equitable defenses may be permissible. Malt v. R.J. Mueller Enterprises, Inc., 396 So. 2d 1174 (Fla. 4th DCA 1981) (acceptance of late payments by LL.)

ii. Motion to dismiss will not toll the time for answer. Crocker v. Diland, 593 So. 2d 1096 (Fla. 5th DCA 1992). Crocker emphasizes that permitting tolling of time by filing a motion to dismiss would undermine summary procedure set forth in Fla. Stat. § 51.011. All defensive motions shall be heard prior to trial and shall be filed also within 5 days of service.

iii. An informal answer such as a letter response will serve as an answer. J.A.R.Inc. v. Universal American Realty Corp., 485 So. 2d 467 (Fla. 3d DCA 1986).

(a). Letter to LL asserting informal defense to LL’s action was sufficient to require LL to service notice of application for default. This case occurred when T could serve or file a paper.

(b). Answer sufficient even if signed by a corporate officer rather than an attorney.

(c). Letter to tenant’s counsel from insurance adjuster working for LL’s insurer which denied liability for tenant’s fire damage and advised that LL was put on notice of potential lawsuit was not a “paper in the action” so as to trigger rule of civil procedure requirement that default could be entered against LL by court only after LL had been given notice of tenant’s application for default, since insurance adjuster was neither party to suit nor counsel for party. Americana Associates, Ltd. v. Coleus, 697 So. 2d 573 (Fla. 5th DCA 1997).

V. PAYMENT INTO COURT REGISTRY

A. Fla. Stat. § 83.60(2) requires payment into the registry of the court, the amount alleged in the complaint and all rent as it accrues unless tenant alleges.

i. Payment (complaint must allege amount of rent owed and amount of rent that will come due; otherwise T will not know how much rent should be posted).

ii. Request for court to determine amount of rent owed.

(a). If amount of rent is not clear the court must advise the tenant of the amount of rent to be posted. Olszewska v. Ferro, 590 So. 2d 11 (Fla. 3d DCA 1991).

(b). If tenant files motion for determination of rent to be paid into registry of the court, tenant must attach to motion documentation to show rent alleged in complaint is in error. Hearing is limited in scope-only to determine an amount of rent to be posted. Possession not the issue.

(c). Posting rent into lawyer’s trust account be sufficient because money belongs to T and lawyer would have obligation to return it. 12 Ave. Apartments Inc. v. Boyce, 34 Fla. Supp. 2d 115 (Fla. Broward Cty. Ct. 1989).

(d). Fla. Stat. § 83.61 permits LL to apply to the court for disbursement of funds or for prompt final hearing if LL can prove:

1. LL in danger of loss of premises.

2. Other personal hardship resulting form loss of rental income.

3. Court may award all or any portion of funds to LL or may proceed to final resolution.

B. Even if T files a counterclaim, T must still post the alleged rent in the registry of the court. K.D. Lewis Enterprises Corporation v. Smith, 445 So. 2d 1032 (Fla. 5th DCA 1984). However T only loses right to possession of the premises and does not lose right to pursue other claims. Premici v. United Growth Properties, 648 So. 2d 1241 (Fla. 5th DCA 1995). Statute providing that failure of T to pay rent into court registry shall be deemed absolute waiver of T’s defenses means T’s defenses to LL’s claim for possession NOT to claim for money damages.

C. T’s receiving rent subsidies or public housing are only required to deposit portion of rent that tenant would be responsible to pay pursuant to federal, state or local government program which they are participating.

D. Controversy regarding whether Fla. Stat. § 83.60(2) is constitutional. Does Fla. Stat. § 83.60(2) deprive tenant of procedural due process and the right of access to the courts as guaranteed by the constitution? It requires the court to enter a default judgment without hearing even when the sufficiency of the complaint or the court’s jurisdiction has been challenged. (e.g., 3-Day Notice.)

Statute has been held constitutional in Karsteter v. Graham Companies, 521 So. 2d 298 (Fla. 3d DCA) rev. denied, 529 So. 2d 694 (Fla.1988).

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VI DEFAULT JUDGMENT:

A. If answer not filed and rent not posted into registry of the court:

LL entitled to default judgment and writ of possession to issue without further notice or hearing.

If answer filed and rent posted then case should be set for trial.
If answer filed but rent not posted then default or set case for trial.

First Hanover v. Vasquez, 848 So.2d 1188, (Fla. 3^rd DCA 2003) held that despite T’s fraud in the inducement claim, T in actions for possession for non-payment of rent are obligated to pay rent as a condition to remaining in possession, “irrespective of their defenses and counterclaims.”
Interpreting similar language in § 83.232(5), 214 Main Street Corp. v. Tanksley, — So.2d —-, 2006 WL 3302668, Fla.App. 2 Dist., 2006. holding that in commercial lease T’s failure to pay accrued rent entitled LL to possession of the property without hearing and Court lacked discretion to relieve T of obligation to pay rent into registry Court as previously ordered.

However, see Gallahan v. Mair, 2005 WL 2654291, Fla.Co.Ct.,2005, holding that since LL not served proper notice terminating the tenancy, a necessary precondition for statutory action for residential eviction, statutory cause of action has not been and cannot be commenced until the Plaintiff has complied with all conditions precedent. Citing, Investment and Income Realty, Inc. v. Bentley, 480 So.2d 219 (5th DCA 1985)

VII. CONDUCTING THE HEARING

A. T or LL may request a jury to decide issues of facts. Cerrito v. Kovitch, 457 So. 2d 1021 (Fla. 1984); Jacques v. Wellington Crop, 183 So. 22 (Fla. 1938); State ex rel. Jennings v. Peacock, 171 So. 821 (Fla. 1937).

1. The parties may waive their right to a jury trial. C & C Wholesale, Inc. v. Fusco Management Corp., 564 So. 2d 1259 (Fla. 2d DCA 1990).

B. Property Manager’s Right to Represent Landlord at the Hearing.

1. Prior to 1992, a nonlawyer agent could not file evictions on behalf of landlords. The Florida Bar v. Mickens, 465 So. 2d 524 (Fla. 1985;The Florida Bar v. Mickens, 505 So. 2d 1319 (Fla. 1987).

2. Legislative changes.

Florida statutory law now permits, a landlord’s (nonlawyer) agent to sign a complaint for evicting, without taking any additional action beyond filing the complaint. Fla. Stat. § 83.59 (2) (1992).

3. Judicial interpretation.

Property managers may sign the 3-day notice for eviction, file the eviction complaint, file a motion for default and obtain a writ of possession if the eviction is uncontested and is for nonpayment of rent. The Florida Bar re: Advisory Opinion-Nonlawyer Preparation of and Representation of Landlord in Uncontested Residential Evictions, 605 So. 2d 868 (Fla.1992).

Definition of property managers.

An agent Awho is responsible for day-to-day management of residential rental property and includes corporate property management firms that have primary responsibility for rental and management of residential rental property and licensed real estate broker and salesperson if they otherwise fit within the definition. The Florida Bar re; Advisory Opinion-Nonlawyer Preparation of and Representation of Landlord in Uncontested Residential Evictions, 627 So. 2d 485 (Fla. 1993).

4. Written authorization from owner of dwelling unit is required before property managers may exercise the above rights. Id.

5. Uncontested versus contested evictions.

(a) A contested eviction is one where there is a need for a hearing to determine any issues. Id.

(b) It is difficult to determine whether the eviction is contested until after the complaint is filed. If the eviction is contested, then the property manager should be permitted time in which to obtain an attorney.

6. Simplified final hearing.

The following facts should be established during a simplified eviction hearing:

(1) LL must have ownership of the property. Fla. Stat. § 83.43(3) (1995).

(2) There must be a rental agreement between the parties. Fla. Stat. § 83.43(2) (1995).

(3) There was a breach of the rental agreement by the T; Fla. Stat. § 83.56(3) (1995).

(4) Proper notice given to T. Fla. Stat. § 83.56(3) (1995), Clark v. Hiett, 495 So. 2d 773 (Fla. 2d DCA 1986).

(5) Nonacceptance by the LL of rent payments from or on behalf of T since issuance of the notice. Fla. Stat. § 83.56(5) (1995); Bodden v. Carbonell, 354 So. 2d 927 (Fla. 2d DCA 1978).

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VIII. FINAL JUDGMENTS AND WRITS OF POSSESSION

A. The final judgment should direct the clerk of courts to issue a writ of possession. Fla. R. Civ. P.1.580(a). The writ of possession describes the real property in question, and directs the sheriff to take the property into his or her possession. Anytime after the writ of possession is executed, the owner may also remove the personal property of the tenant. Fla.Stat. § 83.62(2). Additionally, the owner may change the locks on the doors at the time the writ of possession is executed. Id.

B. Settlement stipulations.

1. Stipulations generally.

Stipulations are enforced in the same manner as other contracts. Federal Home Loan Mortgage Corp. v. Molko, 602 So. 2d 983 (Fla. 3d DCA 1992). Unconscionable and repugnant contracts, i.e., “stipulations” may remain unenforced, Krez v. Sun Bank/South Florida, N.A., 608 So. 2d 892 (Fla. 4th DCA 1992).

2. Landlord/tenant stipulations.

The courts may properly refuse to enforce unconscionable provisions of rental agreement. Fla. Stat. § 83.45.

3. Knowing waiver.

A tenant may knowingly waive constitutional or statutory rights to which he or she is entitled, provided no public policy is violated. Gilman v. Butzloff, 22 So. 2d 263 (Fla. 1945); Weinberger v. Board of Public Instruction of St. Johns County, 112 So. 2d 253 (Fla. 1927).

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IX. APPEALS AND MOTIONS TO STAY

A. Who may file.

Either the LL or the T may file an appeal within thirty days of the final judgment. Fla. Stat. § 51.011(5); Sheradsky v. Basadre, 452 So. 2d 599 (Fla. 3d DCA 1984).

B. Tenants who wish to remain in possession must file both an appeal and a motion to stay.

C. Posting bond.

1. T must post a bond in accordance with the following conditions:

(1) compliance with the court order;

(2) payment of costs interest, damages for delay, use or depreciation of the property; or

(3) any other condition the court deems appropriate.

Fla. R. App. P. 9.310(c)(2).

2. The purpose and amount of bond.

The bond’s main purpose is to protect the prevailing party. City of Plant City v. Mann, 400 So. 2d 952 (Fla. 1981). The bond must be reasonably related to the appeal. Cerrito v. Kovitch. If the prevailing party is sufficiently protected, the bond need not be posted. A prevailing party’s award of attorney’s fees pursuant to the final judgment may not be collected by the court as part of the bond. Coral Gables v. Geary, 398 So. 2d 479 (Fla. 3d DCA 1981). The tenant still has a right to an appeal, even where the tenant is not able to post bond and the landlord regains possession of the premises. Ruby Mountain Construction & Development Corp. v. Raymond, 409 So. 2d 525 (Fla. 5th DCA 1982); Palm Beach Heights Development & Sales v. Decillis, 385 So. 2d 1170 (Fla. 3d DCA 1980).

D. Test to determine whether the motion to stay should issue.

The Palm Beach County Court has adopted the following three-prong test:

(1) whether eviction will cause the T irreparable harm;

(2) whether issuance of the motion will substantially prejudice the LL by not regaining the possession of property;

(3) whether a substantial question is raised on appeal. Royal Palm Beach Ltd. Partnership v. Tutor Time Learning Center of Royal Palm Beach, Inc., 3 FLW Supp. 290 (Fla. Palm Beach County 1995).

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X. SECURITY DEPOSITS

A. Fla. Stat. § 83.49(3)(a) sets forth notification requirements when the T vacates the premises or upon termination of a written lease:

i. LL has 30 days to return security deposit with interest or

ii. LL has 30 days to give T notice of LL’s intent to impose a claim against the security deposit.

iii. Notice must:

(a) Be sent by certified mail at T’s last known mailing address. Hunter’s Run, LTD. v. Hoelscher, etc., 34 Fla. Supp. 2d 148 (Fla. Orange Cty.Ct. 1987). If not sent certified mail and T claims he did not get notice then notice fatally defective. If tenant does not give forwarding address LL must still send notice to last known address (the address of rented premises) Hicks v. Marchett, 4 FLW Supp. 525 (Fla. 20th Cir. Ct. 1996).

(b) State LL’s intention to impose a claim against the security deposit.

(d) State amount LL is claiming.

(e) Give T 15 days to object in writing.

(f) State LL’s address.

1. If notice is defective or not timely tenant does not have to respond.

2. If LL does not send notice, LL forfeits right to security deposit no matter how much damage T has caused. Durene v. Alcime, 448 So. 2d 1208 (Fla. 3d DCA 1983). Fla. Stat. § 83.49(2)(a); Gersten v.Cimovski, 43 Fla. Supp. 2d 38 (Fla. 17 Cir. Ct. 1990).

3. If T does not object to notice, then LL keeps amount claimed and must return remainder within 30 days.

4. If LL fails to escrow deposit, LL does not forfeit security deposit. Pekofsky v. Golden, 1__ Fla. L. Weekly 478 (Fla. 11 Cir. App.1993).

5. If T vacates before the expiration of written lease or oral lease, then either:

A. governed by lease provisions; or

B. T must give written notice to LL that he is vacating by certified mail or hand delivery at least 7 days before vacating; and inform LL of new address. Fla. Stat. § 83.49(5).

6. T’s failure to do so relieves LL of notice requirement. T’s failure to give notice does not forfeit T’s right to security deposit; T would have to institute an action for return of the security deposit. Attwood v. Lamee, 43 Fla. Supp. 2d 34 (Fla. 17 Cir. 1990).

7. There a 30 day limit on statute of limitation on LL claims upon the security deposit but not on all LL claims for damages. The LL must return the security deposit but can file an independent action for damages. If a tenant files a claim for return of the security deposit and prevails, the security deposit may not be used for purposes of a set-off. Durene v. Alcime, 448 So. 2d 1208 (Fla. 3d DCA 1984).

8. If tenant prevails on complaint for security deposit, but LL prevails on counterclaim for damages, tenant is entitled to attorney fees. Statute is mandatory. Fla. Stat. § 83.49.

9. Security deposit can be used for back rent if not prohibited by lease. Pekofsky v. Golden, 1 FLW Supp. 478 (Fla. Dade Cty. Ct. 1992).

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XI. DUTIES OF LANDLORD/PROHIBITED PRACTICES

A. LL has duty to inspect and maintain premises.

1. Warranty of habitability.

2. LL must reasonably inspect premises before allowing T to take possession and must make all repairs necessary to transfer a reasonably safe dwelling unit fit for human habitation. Duty of LL to repair dangerous defective conditions upon notice of their existence continues after T takes possession.

3. This duty corresponds with the LL’s statutory duty to maintain the premises as set forth in Fla. Stat. § 83.51. Mansur v. Eubanks, 401 So. 2d 1328 (Fla. 1981).

4. LL must however have notice of defects that occur in the preises after the tenant takes possession. In Tolles v. Garcia, 694 So. 2d 94 (Fla. 3d DCA 1997), LL did not have notice of allegedly dangerous elevation changes between a carpeted floor in the bedroom and tile surface in a hallway and, therefore, LL was not liable for injuries to tenant’s guest sustained when she tripped on elevation change.

5. LL has right to enter premises. Fla. Stat. § 83.53. However, the right of entry has limitations:

(A) LL may enter to inspect the premises to make necessary or agreed repairs, decorations, alterations, or improvements, supply agreed services, or exhibit the dwelling to prospective or actual purchasers, mortgages, tenant workers, or contractors. T shall not unreasonably withhold consent for the above.

(B) LL may only enter:

1. With the consent of the tenant.

2. In case of emergency.

3. When the tenant unreasonably withholds consent.

If the T is absent from the premises for a period of time equal to 2 the time for periodic rental payments. If the rent is current and the tenant notifies the LL of an intended absence, then the LL may enter only with the consent of the tenant or for the protection or preservation of the premises. See Hayes and Burke v. Walter, 5 FLW Supp.58 (Fla. Lee Cty Ct. 1997) holding that an absence for less than one-half of time for periodic rental payment did not establish abandonment. LL held liable for actual and consequential damages, or three months rent, whichever was greater and attorney’s fees resulting from lockout of tenant who had not abandoned.

(C) LL may enter dwelling unit at any time for protection or reservation of premises. LL may enter the dwelling unit upon reasonable notice to the T and at a reasonable time for the purpose of repair of the premises. Reasonable notice for the purpose of repairs is notice given at least 12 hours prior to entry. Reasonable time for the repair shall be between the hours of 7:30 a.m. and 8:00 p.m. Fla Stat. § 83.53(2).

(D) LL prohibited by Fla. Stat. § 83.67 from self help; LL cannot:

Cause directly or indirectly the termination or interruption of any utility service furnished the tenant. Includes: utilities under the control of or paid by LL. Examples of utilities the LL may not terminate include; heat, gas, water, electricity, garbage collection, and refrigeration. Fla. Stat. § 83.67(1). But see Badaraco v. Suncoast Towers v. Associates, 676 So. 2d 502 (Fla. 3d DCA 1996) which held that, in accord with legislative intent, T could not recover statutory damages where LL’s temporary interruption of water and elevator services was due to LL’s general repairs and renovations to convert rental building into condominiums and were not self-help or to evict.
Change locks or use any bootlock or similar device.
Remove outside doors, locks roof, walls, or windows except for maintenance, repair etc.
Remove personal property except after surrender, abandonment or a lawful eviction.

Remedy

(a) LL liable for actual and consequential damages or 3 months rent, whichever is greater, and costs, including attorney fees.

b) Subsequent or repeated violations, which are not contemporaneous with the initial violation, shall be subject to separate awards of damages.

(c) Punitive damages for self help may be possible if T can show self help was done with fraud, actual malice, or deliberate violence or oppression, or when LL acts willfully or with such gross negligence as to indicate a wanton disregard of rights of others.

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XII. CONSTRUCTIVE EVICTION

A. If LL:

i. Fails to comply with Fla. Stat. § 83.51(1) or material provisions of the rental agreement;

ii. Within 7 days after delivery;

iii. Of written notice by the tenant;

iv. Specifying the non-compliance;

v. And indicating the intention of the tenant to terminate the rental agreement. Notice needs to be sent prior to 3 day notice otherwise defense of constructive eviction can not be raised. Lakeway Management Company of Florida, Inc. v. Stolowilsky, 527 So.2d 950 (Fla. 3d DCA 1988).

vi. The tenant may terminate the tenancy.

B. Notice may be hand delivered or mailed to:

i. Landlord.

ii. Property manager.

iii. Person authorized to collect rent.

C. If the failure to comply with Fla. Stat. § 83.51(1) or material provisions of the rental agreement is due to causes beyond the control of the LL and the LL has made and continues to make every reasonable effort to correct the failure to comply, the rental agreement may be terminated or altered as follows:

i. If the LL’s failure to comply renders the dwelling unit uninhabitable and the tenant vacates, the tenant shall not be liable for rent during the period the dwelling unit remains uninhabitable. Ralston, Inc. v. Miller, 357 So. 2d 1066 (Fla. 3d DCA 1978); Berwick v. Kleinginna Investment Corp., 143 So. 2d 684 (Fla. 3d DCA 1962).

If the LL’s failure to comply does not render the dwelling unit uninhabitable and the tenant remains in occupancy, the rent for the period of non-compliance shall be reduced by an amount in proportion to the loss of rental value caused by the non-compliance.
Where tenant has reasonable basis for withholding rent and deposits same to court registry, tenant may not be evicted based on non-payment of rent. Pilver v. Lenox Realty Associates, Ltd., 2004 WL 1965861 (Fla. Cir. Ct. 2004)

D. Examples of constructive eviction:

i. Apartment is uninhabitable due to water damage from unrepaired roof. Ralston Inc. v. Miller, 357 So. 2d 1066 (Fla. 3d DCA 1978);

LL threatened eviction causing tenant to vacate. Caso v. Nelson, Inc., 419 So. 2d 668 (Fla. 4th DCA 1982).

E.. Fla. Stat. §83.46(3): If Tenant Receives Dwelling As Part of Employment and Employment Terminates

Employer entitled to rent from day after employment ceases until day unit vacated at rate equal to rate for similarly charged residences.
If wages are payable weekly or more frequently then tenancy is week to week and must give 7 days notice to vacate prior to end of any week. If wages are payable monthly or no wages are payable, then tenancy is month to month and must give 15 days notice prior to end of month.

XIII. RETALIATORY EVICTION

LL cannot retaliate against T by:

A. Discriminatory increase T’s rent.

B. Decrease services to T.

C. Bring or threaten to bring an action for possession or other civil action.

Examples of retaliatory conduct are as follows:

1. T has complained to a government agency charged with responsibility for enforcement of a building, housing, or health code of a suspected violation applicable to the premises;

2. T has organized, encouraged or participated in a tenants’ organization; or

3. T has complained to the LL pursuant to Fla. Stat. § 83.56(1)

Evidence of retaliatory conduct may be raised by the T as a defense in any action brought against him or her for possession. Example: If LL sued to evict for non-payment of rent and T was withholding for failure of LL to comply with housing codes, T could defend by raising Fla. Stat. § 83.60(1) or Fla. Stat. § 83.64(2). T has initial burden of proof that LL’s primary reason for eviction is retaliatory. Burden shifts to LL to prove that eviction is based on good cause which include but are not limited to:

i. Non-payment of rent;

ii. Violation of lease or rules;

iii. Violation of statute.

This section does not apply if LL proves that the eviction is for good cause. Examples of good cause include:

i. Nonpayment of rent;

ii. Violation of the rental agreement or of reasonable rules;

iii. Violations of the terms of Chapter 83.

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XIV. RIGHT OF ACTION FOR DAMAGES

If either the landlord or the tenant fails to comply with the requirements of the rental agreement or this part, the aggrieved party may recover the damages caused by the non-compliance.

A. Service and Pleading Requirements

1. Complaint must seek damages. See Antoniadis v. Earca, N.U., 442 So. 2d 1001 (Fla. 3rd DCA 1983). Or issue may be tried by implied consent if no unfair prejudice created thereby. Smith v. Mogelvang, 432 So. 2d 119 (Fla. 2nd DCA 1983).

a. But see Fla. Stat. § 83.61 suggesting damages may arise from possession claim only and Fla. Stat. § 83.625 suggesting the same thing, but requiring compliance with the Florida Rules of Civil Procedure. F.R.C.P. 1.110(b) requires, “a demand for judgment for the relief to which the pleader deems himself or herself entitled.” (Appendix17)

2. Must have proper summons. 5-day vs. 20 day summons. See Stein v. Hubbs, 439 So. 2d 1005 (Fla. 5th DCA 1983) (approving 5-day summons for damage claim and order to the contrary based upon more recent statutory language). Combination 5-day/20 day summons. Consider administrative order approving one form of summons. (Appendix 18)

B. Must have proper service.

1. No positing (See Fla. Stat. § 83.625) (Appendix 19).

2. But if answer is filed denying debt, how does it affect damage claim if:

(a) complaint only asks for possession;

(b) complaint asks for damages, but only 5-day summons is served;

3. Default may be appropriate if answer relates to possession claim only

C. Landlord’s damages.

1. Rent deposited in registry, Fla. Stat. §83.61 vs. Fla. Stat. §83.625

2. Unpaid rent – choice of remedies after possession – Fla. Stat. §83.595 (Appendix 1)

a. retake possession for self and end tenant’s liability;

b. retake possession for tenant and try to relet – Fla. Stat. §83.595 (2) requires good faith effort to relet, but does not require landlord to give preference over other vacant units.

c. do nothing – tenant liability as rent comes due.

Acceleration clauses in leases are enforceable. However, they only relate to the accrual of the right to bring suit for rent due in the future. They do not affect the actual measure of damages for breach of the lease. Jimmy Hall’s Morningside, Inc., v. Blackburn and Peck Ent., 235 So. 2d 344 (Fla. 2d DCA 1970).
Landlord may elect and limit remedy in settlement agreement and will not be entitled to additional relief. West Seven Seas, Inc. v. Few
2007 WL 403569 Fla. App. 2 Dist., 2007. February 07, 2007.

3. Holdover tenancy – Fla. Stat. § 83.58 (Appendix1)

a. May recover double rent (discretionary).

Holdovers based upon justiciable issues will ordinarily not result in double rent even when landlord ultimately prevails. Greentree Amusement Arcade, Inc. v. Greenacres Development Corp., 401 So. 2d 915 (Fla. 4th DCA 1981).

a. Not applicable if eviction is for non-payment (therefore, cannot use standard 3-day notice) Casavan v. Land-O-Lakes Realty, Inc., 542 So. 2d 371 (Fla. 5th DCA 1989).

5. Waste or damage to property

a. May or may not be covered by security deposit.

b. Even if landlord fails to file proper notice required by statute he or she may still pursue independent damage claim.

c. Should be treated like any other claim for damages.

5. Distress for rent – Landlord’s lien

a. Fla. Stat. § 713.691(3) (Appendix 20) creates the landlord lien but abolishes distress for rent for residential tenancies. It is permitted only for non-residential tenancies, Goodman v. Brasseria La Capannina, Inc., 602 So. 2d 1245 (Fla. 1992).

b. Lien attaches only after sheriff delivers possession to landlord. A premature attempt can lead to a tenant’s claim for damages pursuant Fla. Stat. § 83.67

B. Tenant’s damages

1. Prohibited practices (Fla. Stat. § 83.67) (Appendix 1)

a. Landlord may not:

(1) Terminate utilities;

(2) Prohibit access;

(3) Remove walls, doors, locks, windows, or personal

property.

Unless tenant has surrendered or abandoned (15 days) premises or has been evicted.

b. Damages are actual and consequential, but no less than three

months rent plus fees and costs.

2. Casualty damage – Fla. Stat. § 83.63 (Appendix 1)

a. Percentage reduction based upon condition of property

(1) Cannot be caused by tenant.

(2) Substantial impairment of enjoyment is required for termination.

(3) Determining factor is “fair rental value.”

(4) Tenant need not send a written notice if the landlord knew or should have known of problem. Zais v. C.F. West Florida, Inc., 505 So. 2d 577 (Fla. 4th DCA 1987).

b. But see Florida Statute § 83.56(5) which suggests that tenant

waives right to claim casualty damage by full payment of rent.

3. Tenant may claim moving expenses and/or extra housing costs as part of damage claim pursuant to Fla. Stat. § 83.63 or Fla. Stat. § 83.67. Updyke v. Brinkerhoff Property Management, Inc., 44 Fl. Supp. 2d 109 (Fla. Volusia Cty. Ct., 1990).

4. Retaliatory eviction – Fla. Stat. § 83.64 (Appendix 1)

a. Created by statute as a defense to possession claim

b. Differing opinions on whether or not it creates an independent cause of action.

3. Problem Areas In Determining Damages

A. Establishing value

1. Replacement value for personal property

a. Burden of establishing “ordinary wear and tear” reduction is on tenant. Cummingham Drug Stores v. Pentland, 243 So. 2d 169 (Fla. 4th DCA 170) but

b. It is incumbent upon party seeking damages to present evidence to justify award of damages in definite amount. Smith v. Austin Development Co., 538 So. 2d 128 (Fla. 2d DCA 1989).

however

c. Where damages cannot be precisely determined, trial judge is vested with reasonable discretion in making award of damages.Clearwater Assoc. v. Hicks Laundry Equipment, 433 So. 2d 7 (Fla. 2d DCA 1983).

d. Court should take advantage of “reasonable discretion” to attempt to place reasonable value on damages.

See Appendix 21 for suggested methods to assist in determining value.

e. The amount of damages equals the cost of restoration even if the landlord does not use the money to restore the premises. Pomeranc v. Winn Dixie Stores, Inc., 598 So. 2d 103 (Fla. 5th DCA 1992).

B. Settlement Agreement

Interpreting commercial lease Tiny Treasures Academy & Get Well Center, Inc. v. Stirling Place, Inc. 916 So.2d 991 (Fla. 4^th DCA, 2005) held that where the language of a settlement agreement is clear and unambiguous, trial court may not modify to provide relief to LL omitted from agreement.

C. Prejudgment Interest

Prevailing party is entitled to prejudgment interest. Smith v. Austin Development Co., 538 So. 2d 128 (Fla. 2d DCA 1989) andArgonaut Insurance Co. v. May Plumbing Co., 474 So. 2d 212 (Fla. 1985).

D. Liquidated Damages

Fla. Stat. § 83.575 specifically provides for liquidated damages but only as applied to tenants at the end of their lease. The LL T Act codifies the common law on lost rental damages and provides that and measure of damages in violation of the Act is void. Olen Residential Realty Corp. v. Romine, 2004 WL 3322327, Fla.Cir.Ct., 2004.

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XV. ATTORNEY’S FEES:

A. Fla. Stat. § 83.48. Action brought to enforce provisions of rental agreement or Fla. Stat. 83: the prevailing party may recover reasonable court costs, including attorney’s fees from the non-prevailing party.

B. Fla. Stat. § 83.49. Prevailing party in an action for recovery of security deposit is entitled to receive his or her court costs plus a reasonable fee for his or her attorney.

C. Note: although both statutes refer to prevailing party, often one party only gets some relief or both parties obtain some relief. InMortiz v. Hoyt Enterprises, Inc., 604 So. 2d 807 (Fla. 1992) the Florida Supreme Court ruled that the party, irrespective of the actual amount of either party’s recovery.

D. If the tenant recovers any portion of the security deposit he/she will be considered the prevailing party. Malagon v. Solari, 566 So. 2d 352 (Fla. 4th DCA 1990); Rose v. Gaglioti & Honkonin, 46 Fla. Supp. 2d. 19 (Fla. 11th Cir. 1991).

E. If LL and T claims involve a “common core” of facts and are based on “related legal theories,” a full fee may be awarded to prevailing party unless it can be shown that the attorneys spent a separate and distinct amount of time on counts as to which no attorney’s fees were sought. Anglia Jacs & Co., Inc. v. Dubin, 830 So.2d 169 (Fla. 4^th DCA 2002).

F. Neither party may be held to be prevailing party in cases where resolution resulted from stipulation of parties. Zhang v. D.B.R. Asset Management, Inc., 878 So.2d 386 (Fla. 3rd DCA, 2004).

G. Multiplier may be awarded in landlord/tenant cases. Meli Investment Corp. v. O.R., 621 So. 2d 676 (Fla. 3d DCA 1993).

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XVI. BANKRUPTCY IMPLICATIONS

A. 11 U.S.C. § 362: creates an automatic stay and prohibits LL from:

i. Taking action to evict T for any reason;

ii. Using security deposit to off-set rent;

iii. Another action against T.

B. When bankruptcy case filed, LL must obtain relief from automatic stay before proceeding further, LL cannot:

i. Give 3 day notice;

ii. File eviction complaint;

C. If eviction filed, LL must get a relief from stay.

D. Legal process obtained or orders issued in contravention of stay void, regardless of whether parties had notice of bankruptcy filing. In Re Florida Dairy, Inc., 22 B.R. 197 (M.D. 1982).

E. LL may not resume eviction unless relief from bankruptcy stay or after debtor discharged. Only true with homestead.

LL does not have to be formally notified of bankruptcy, i.e. suggestion of bankruptcy. In Matter of Carter, 9 B.C.D. 1086 (8th Cir. 1982) the court ruled that an attorney who continues eviction after receiving telephonic notice and fails to contact the bankruptcy court for verification may be held in contempt.

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